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glossary:glossary_i [2019/03/02 10:30] – [ICSP] WortingUKglossary:glossary_i [2023/07/25 15:55] (current) – [ISR] add ISTR entry JohnFletcher
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 ===== ICs ===== ===== ICs =====
  
 +An integrated circuit (IC) is an electronic component which typically packages a collection of transistors, diodes and resistors to perform some useful function. There are numerous types with many package configurations. You may be familiar with fairly simple ones like Operation Amplifiers (Op Amps) or "555" timers, or complex types like microprocessors. Modern ICs are generally encased in a square/rectangular plastic package with many leads/pins. Pins are commonly spaced on a 0.1"(2.54mm) grid which will fit the holes on stripboard and breadboards. This packaging is usually referred to as Through Hole mounting as the pins normally go through holes in a PCB. Newer ICs can be found with much closer pin spacing and very small packages, usually designed for surface mounting on PCBs.
  
-Integrated Circuits are usually called ICs or chips. They are complex circuits which have been etched onto tiny chips of semiconductor (silicon). The chip is packaged in a plastic holder with pins spaced on a 0.1"(2.54mm) grid which will fit the holes on stripboard and breadboards. Very fine wires inside the package link the chip to the pins.\\ 
-{{:glossary:ic.gif}}\\ 
-[[http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/ic.htm|http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/ic.htm]] 
  
 +===== ICSP (In Circuit Serial Programming) =====
 +
 +ICSP is a means whereby embedded microprocessors are 'programmed' (having their machine code loaded) while mounted in the circuit they are intended to control.
 +There are no standard physical designs/pinouts used for ICSP. \\
 +Generally MERG modules, with PIC microprocessors, are provided with a 6 way (1 pin omitted) ICSP connector used with a 'twist' cable to a Microchip PICKIT programmer.
 +[[:helpsystem:pickit2cbus|MERG PIC ICSP cable pinout shown here.]]\\
 +Arduino modules use a USB connection.\\
 +AVR ATMEGA chips use a 6 pin connector based on SPI bus. (Optional on Arduino AVR modules)\\
 +Atmel SAMD chips have a OneWire ICSP (signal/0v/power). 
  
-===== ICSP ===== 
-In Circuit Serial Programming.\\ 
-A means whereby microprocessors (PICs etc), may be programmed while mounted in the circuit they are intended to control. There are NO standard physical designs used for ICSP. Many MERG modules are provided with a common design connector to facilitate this, and a lead to connect the popular PICKIT programmer to the CBUS connector is [[:helpsystem:pickit2cbus|shown here.]]\\ 
  
 ===== Incandescent lamps ===== ===== Incandescent lamps =====
  
  
-Lamps emit light when an electric current passes through them. All of the lamps shown on this page have a thin wire filament which becomes very hot and glows brightly when a current passes through itThe filament is made from a metal with a high melting point such as tungsten and it is usually wound into a small coil. \\ +Incandescent lamps emit light when an electric current passes through a thin wire filamentwhich becomes very hot and glow brightly. Filament lamps may have a shorter lifetime than most electronic components because the filament could melt at a weak point. Incandescent lamps, such as the tiny "grain-of-rice or grain-of-wheat" lamps shown in the second image, have been used for decades as model engine lights, signaling lights and for layout structure lighting. There is a movement to replace incandescent lamps with light emitting diodes (LEDs) which use less power, generate less heat and typically last longer.  
-Filament lamps have a shorter lifetime than most electronic components because eventually the filament 'blows' (melts) at a weak point. + 
- \\ {{:glossary:lamp-1.jpg}}{{:glossary:lamp-2.jpg}}+ \\ {{:glossary:lamp-1.jpg}}\\ 
 + 
 +{{:glossary:lamp-2.jpg}}\\ 
  \\ [[http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/lamp.htm|http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/lamp.htm]]  \\ [[http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/lamp.htm|http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/lamp.htm]]
 +
 +
 +===== Include Guard =====
 +
 +A method of preventing a C or C++ header source file (.h or .hpp), from being included more than once by other files. It uses 'compiler directives' ''#'' to do this.
 +
 +''#ifndef _FILENAME_H_''
 +
 +''#define _FILENAME_H_''
 +
 +''/ contents of the header file go here */''
 +
 +''#endif /* _FILENAME_H_ */''
 +
 +If the compiler supports it, then following can be used
 +
 +''#pragma once''
 +
 +''/ contents of the header file go here */''
 +
  
  
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-===== Infra red emitter =====+===== Infrared emitter =====
  
-These are LEDs which emit outside of the visible light range.+These are light emitting diodes (LEDswhich emit light outside of the visible light spectrum.
 IR emitters are generally mounted in plastic with clear or smoke color lens. IR emitters are generally mounted in plastic with clear or smoke color lens.
  \\ {{:glossary:ir-emit.jpg}}  \\ {{:glossary:ir-emit.jpg}}
  
-===== Infra red receiver/detector =====+===== Infrared receiver/detector =====
  
-Two types of IR receivers are used, a phototransistor or a photodiode+There are two common types of IR detectors, a phototransistor or a photodiode. These detectors are fabricated to detect light in the IR spectrum. 
  \\ {{:glossary:ir-rec.jpg}}  \\ {{:glossary:ir-rec.jpg}}
  
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-Description used by UK track manufacturer, PECO, to denote turnouts manufactured with an insulated crossing (frog). This avoids the need for polarity switching for the crossing at the expense of poorer current collection for locomotives.+Description used by UK track manufacturer, PECO, to denote turnouts manufactured with an insulated common crossing, AKA frog. This avoids the need for polarity switching for the crossing at the expense of poorer current collection for locomotives. AKA dead frog.
  
  
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-Name for means of linking the operation of points and signals such that signals can only show a proceed aspect when points are correctly set, and that points cannot be moved unless the signals over them are showing stop aspects. Interlocking can be mechanical, electrical using relays or carried out by computers.+Name for means of linking the operation of points and signals such that signals can only show a proceed aspect when points are correctly set, and that points cannot be moved unless the signals over them are showing stop aspects. Interlocking can be mechanical, electrical using relays or carried out by computers.
  
 =====ISR===== =====ISR=====
-Interrupt Service Routine. A subroutine called automatically by processor hardware when conditions within peripheral cause an interrupt flag to be set and the matching interrupt enable flag is also setOften there are priority settings also, a High priority interrupt cannot itself be interrupted whereas a Low priority interrupt can be interrupted by a High level one.+ 
 +An Interrupt Service Routine is a firmware/software program subroutine (sub-program) triggered by a microprocessor hardware pin. When triggered, the processor will temporarily execute subroutine then return to the previous program execution. An ISR can be used to make the processor immediately take care of a time critical operationWhile there are many uses for an ISRsome common uses would be for receiving serial bits from serial data interface or sensing an external clock signal to trigger the sending of video signals at a precise time. In some cases there are more than one interrupt trigger pin or indication. Because of this there may be priority settings. A High priority interrupt cannot itself be interrupted whereas a Low priority interrupt can be interrupted by a High level one. This helps keep multiple ISRs from interfering with each other. 
 + 
 + 
 +=====ISTR===== 
 + 
 +I seem to recall....
glossary/glossary_i.1551522655.txt.gz · Last modified: 2019/03/02 10:30 by WortingUK

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